X-ray window.   
This is described as an x-ray tube window.  It has a crude edge around it, which I thought might be just the way they are (since the x-ray beam may be exiting though just a small area in the middle).  However reader Marten Kooistra from the Netherlands thinks it looks more like someone cut it out of the tube with a screw driver or something.  He sent the following picture of a tube he had with a similar window, showing what a window like this looks like in place: 
  
Source: eBay seller rubbleshop 
Contributor: eBay seller rubbleshop 
Acquired: 4 November, 2002 
Price: Donated 
Size: 0.5" 
Purity: >99%
 |  
  |  
 |  
  |